不當研究行為 (Research Misconduct)

【各國對於不當研究行為之定義】

Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism (Note: not include honest error or differences of opinion.)

Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism, Misrepresentation of data and/or interests and/or involvement, Failures to follow accepted procedures or to exercise due care in carrying out responsibilities for:

i) avoiding unreasonable risk or harm to: humans; animals used in research; and the environment; and

ii) the proper handling of privileged or private information on individuals collected during the research.

加拿大 :Breach of Tri-Agency Research Integrity Policy

Fabrication, Falsification, Destruction of research records, Plagiarism, Redundant publication or self-plagiarism, Invalid authorship, Inadequate acknowledgement, Mismanagement of conflict of interest

芬蘭 :RCR violations: Research Misconduct

Fabrication, Falsification (misrepresentation), Plagiarism, Misappropriation

【抄襲】"the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit." (NIH,ORI)

■ 預防抄襲的小訣竅

■ Turnitin:Teaching about Plagiarism

■ 28 Guidelines at a Glance on Avoiding Plagiarism

■ International Perspectives on Plagiarism and Considerations for Teaching International Trainees

■ Academic Integrity | Plagiarism: One Form of Academic Dishonesty

【造假】"making up data or results and recording or reporting them." (NIH,ORI)

■ A New Record for Retractions?

■ When scientists lie

■ MIT Terminates Researcher Over Data Fabrication

■ Meet the ‘data thugs’ out to expose shoddy and questionable research

【變造】"manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record." (NIH,ORI)

■ Stem-Cell Scientist Guilty of Falsifying Data

■ The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications

■ Retracted autism study an 'elaborate fraud,' British journal finds

【不當研究行為的成因】

■ What Drives People to Commit Research Misconduct?

■ Why do scientists commit misconduct?

■ Morals, morale and motivations in data fabrication: Medical research fieldworkers views and practices in two Sub-Saharan African contexts

■ Publication pressure and scientific misconduct: why we need more open governance

■ Cleaning up research conduct in India

【延伸閱讀】

■ Fanelli, D (2009) How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data.

■Contract cheating will erode trust in science