【Types of Research Misconduct in Different Countries】

United States:Definition of Research Misconduct

Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism (Note: not include honest error or differences of opinion.)

United Kingdom:Misconduct in research

Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism, Misrepresentation of data and/or interests and/or involvement, Failures to follow accepted procedures or to exercise due care in carrying out responsibilities for:

i) avoiding unreasonable risk or harm to: humans; animals used in research; and the environment; and

ii) the proper handling of privileged or private information on individuals collected during the research.

Canada:Breach of Tri-Agency Research Integrity Policy

Fabrication, Falsification, Destruction of research records, Plagiarism, Redundant publication or self-plagiarism, Invalid authorship, Inadequate acknowledgement, Mismanagement of conflict of interest

Finland:RCR violations: Research Misconduct

Fabrication, Falsification (misrepresentation), Plagiarism, Misappropriation

【Plagiarism】"is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit." (NIH,ORI)

■ 28 Guidelines at a Glance on Avoiding Plagiarism

■ Turnitin:Teaching about Plagiarism

■ Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism

■ International Perspectives on Plagiarism and Considerations for Teaching International Trainees

■ Academic Integrity | Plagiarism: One Form of Academic Dishonesty

【Fabrication】"is making up data or results and recording or reporting them." (NIH,ORI)

■ When scientists lie

■ A New Record for Retractions?

■ MIT Terminates Researcher Over Data Fabrication

■ Meet the ‘data thugs’ out to expose shoddy and questionable research

【Falsification】"is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record." (NIH,ORI)

■ Stem-Cell Scientist Guilty of Falsifying Data

■ The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications

■ Retracted autism study an 'elaborate fraud,' British journal finds

【Why Research Misconduct Occurs】

■ What Drives People to Commit Research Misconduct?

■ Why do scientists commit misconduct?

■ Morals, morale and motivations in data fabrication: Medical research fieldworkers views and practices in two Sub-Saharan African contexts

■ Publication pressure and scientific misconduct: why we need more open governance

■ Cleaning up research conduct in India

【Further Reading】

■ Fanelli, D (2009) How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey Data. 

■ Contract cheating will erode trust in science

■ Webinar: Contract Cheating in the Context of Covid-19: 5 Key Ideas to Consider (2020/06/19)

■ The rise of contract cheating in higher education: academic fraud beyond plagiarism

■ Ghostwriting services coaxing international students into cheating

■ 15 Strategies to Detect Contract Cheating

■ Academic Integrity | Contract Cheating

■ Scholars’ preferred solutions for research misconduct: results from a survey of faculty members at America’s top 100 research universities

■ How researchers perceive research misconduct in biomedicine and how they would prevent it: A qualitative study in a small scientific community

■ So you suspect someone of fraud. What now?

■ How to respond to contract cheating: Detection and management (TEQSA)